Even at the end of the 19th Century, scientists couldn't decide if atoms were real or just a convenient way to be able to calculate bulk properties of matter. Good amount of debate was going on - to the chemists it looked that atoms are real but the science of thermodynamics did not need atoms and thermodynamics was the queen of sciences at the end of the 19th Century with the Industrial Revolution providing the means of creating wealth and creating the feel-good factor in plenty.
How Einstein demonstrated the reality of atoms and counted them is fascinating.
I have published the slides of my talk on Einstein and the Theory of Relativity in the following to demonstrate how Einstein worked it out... (Click on the image for a full screen view)
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